Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets Paperback – March 21, 2017

My family, long ago, came from Ukraine so I have a special interest in this book, though most of the interviews are with Russians. Over the decades I read many books, before and after the collapse of the USSR, These books would describe the great events, the leaders, the wars, the financial shenanigans, but they were like getting all the nutritional and marketing information on a food product but never being able to taste it. Do you want to know what the collapse of the USSR meant to most of its people? Read this great book. Svetlana Alexievich, of Belarus and Ukrainian parents, spent years on this book. She has a genius on getting people to open up and, distilling thousands of hours of recorded interviews into the most relevant, revealing and interesting passages. That takes a great deal of skill and artistry. . It lifts this book to the level of literature. I cannot remember reading a book that was so moving; much more so than some of the best novels I have read. Svetlana deserved the Nobel Prize for Literature she was awarded in 2015, primarily for her books on the Aphganistan war and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. She was the first journalist, who only wrote non-fiction, to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.This book frightened and saddened me. There were passages where I, an old veteran, noticed tears on my cheeks. How can people do such things to each other? Do we all have a beast inside us that the right circumstances and forces can release? How can Armenians and Azerbaijani, who had lived peacefully as neighbors for generations, commit atrocities against each other? One witness describes an Azerbaijani gang killing a pregnant woman and then cutting the baby out of her. Another describes a terrified little girl climbing a tree to get away from her pursuers. They surrounded the tree and shot at her until she fell to the ground.Another interviewer describes what his future father-in-law, a retired NKVD colonel, told him about his service. How he would torture prisoners, make them kneel, and then shoot them behind the ear. This colonel seethed with rage at the new Russia but behind his words I felt shame and pangs of conscience, all repressed. After hearing the colonel’s stories the future son-in-law broke his engagement and fled the family.Many of the people said they never told their story to anyone, not even family members. But finally they were willing to talk. One man described that as a schoolboy in Ukraine he fell under Communist propaganda requiring denouncing “enemies of the people.” So he denounced his uncle. What had the uncle done? He hid several sacks of flour and other food in the forest because he saw communist gangs going from farm to farm and confiscating all available food. This was the start of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1931-1933 in which several million Ukrainians starved. Stalin’s purpose was to force the farmers to give up their land and go into collective farms. But it was also meant to induce terror and break the spirit of the people, make them docile and obedient. “Bitter Harvest”, a just released dramatic film, deals with this period. Anyway, the uncle was arrested and sent to Siberian prison, the mother disowned her son and threw him out of her house. The family apparently perished in the great famine.Some old communists describe how they hate predatory capitalism. They were poor in their time but the West feared the USSR and they still believed communism would make life better. They had their pride and ideals. Now they just have their poverty, pensions that may not permit even buying a sausage, though there always seems to be money for cheap vodka.It seems nothing much has changed. During communism it was the opportunists, the liars, thieves and psychopaths who had the best chance to get ahead. After the USSR fall it was the thugs, bribers, and people with connections and with power who had a jump on everyone else. Strangely, almost none of the old communists question the criminality of the system. One woman, though, whose daughter was badly injured in a terrorist attack in a Moscow subway, said. “The Chechens are doing to us what we did to them.”Near the end of the book I got irritated and impatient with the long saga of Lena. But maybe Svetlana wanted to make a point about the Russian character. Lena marries for love but, as happens to the majority of the women in these interviews, her husband becomes a heavy drinker and constantly beats her. After a time Lena flees to a boy who loved her in school. Eventually they marry and have two sons. Some years pass but Lena is obsessed with a dream she had of a handsome man who is her soulmate. Corresponding with a lifer in prison Lena decides he is it. She divorces her husband and marries the lifer. No matter that she has married a murderer who is permitted visits twice a year. No matter that her former husband did not drink, or beat her and loved her. A filmmaker hears about Lena and makes a documentary about her life. She and her former husband are invited to Moscow to tell their story before a television audience. Meanwhile, her prison husbands says she lives too far away from the prison, located in the boondocks of Russia and has probably been unfaithful to him. So he demands Lena move to a nowhere town near the prison even though she can visit him only twice a year. Lena complies.Her prison husband is also a piece of work. He was 18 and walking from a dance with the girl he loved. She asked how much he loved her. He said more than life itself. He would die for her. Dying for me is nothing; would you kill a man for me, the girl asked. Yes, I would, he replied. Good; kill the next man that comes up the road. He did.Now the Russians may be fascinated with this story but I am disgusted. This is not great passion and tragedy but two people in need of psychiatric help. I think Svetlana is saying the inability to control your instincts and a desire to make the grand gesture is a Russian trait. If you can’t control your instincts and are a romantic you need outside control. So hand the Russians democracy on a platter; they will choose dictatorship. “Everything Russian is filled with sorrow” Svetlana has written.One lesson I got from the book is that civilization is a thin veneer covering potential savagery; and that democracy is fragile. The “enemy of the people” quote made me think of Trump and what an American journalist described recently about her visit to a beauty salon in Moscow. She was having her nails done when Trump’s name came up. The Russian manicurist started crying. Why, what’s wrong, the journalist asked. “That’s the way it started here,” the beautician said.Please God not here.

Let me tell you a story. It is about people, good people, who lived in the largest country on earth, and for 70 years this land was governed to become-or to resemble-a paradise for the workers inside it. And the rulers of that "worker's paradise" did try to put out written statements telling everyone inside and outside their country that it was such a "paradise" for the least privileged of its own citizens, or that it was fast on the way to becoming in full reality this sort of utopia. And however much they kept telling their own people, their workers, how special and "revolutionary" they were, they never succeeded in their task of building for their citizens their long-promised utopian worker's paradise, and, over the course of their rule, this government proceeded instead to ignore, brutalize, imprison, torture, kill, and starve to death a goodly part of its people, enabling their top leaders to live like kings and magnates. Of course the people remembered this ill-treatment they had received over the course of 70 years, but they also valued the stability of their lives, under a government that provided free education, cut-rate (but shoddily built) apartment residences, free health care. And then, after a few decades of this kind of stability and half-prosperity, again, with everyone hoping that they were really on the "revolutionary" train to earthly perfection, as their commissars had told them to believe, poof, it was all gone. In its place, a decade of shortages of everything, a worthless paper currency, the rise of a class of ultra-rich who cared nothing for anyone else who weren't as rich and privileged as they were. And all the people's sufferings and brave endurance under the hoof of all those promises, and those sacrifices were just forgotten. This is the story of reminiscences by ex-Soviet citizens of a post-Soviet Russia collected in Alexeyev's "Secondhand Time", a splendid book of memories, guilts and sorrows, of what the Soviet union, and its passing, meant to them. What can a reader who did not grow up in Russia, particularly in the Soviet Union, tell these people? What can he tell them what their lives, their decades of hoping, of sacrifices, of sufferings and betrayal by the Regime that so many of them utterly believed in are worth, now? There are in this carefully compiled book, so many agonizing statements by these men and women, life-veterans of a great endeavor that never really worked, that betrayed in the end the very people who believed in it and its leaders the most, which cry out to the reader, and which make this book of memories so remarkable and illuminating. The volume is divided into two big parts: interviews taken 1991-2001, and 2002-2012. Like her respondents, the interviewer, Svetlana Alexievich, is herself a former citizen of the Soviet Union, the worker's paradise that went askew early in its course, and that never got re-righted into something humane and just, but became first a shameless plutocracy and then, under Putin, an utter, bloodthirsty dictatorship. (She has also received the Nobel Prize for literature.) This volume is certainly worth a purchase; it is in such assemblages of one-on-one testimony that authentic and meaningful works of history are made.